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Indian Army Agniveer. BSF Constable. Army Tradesman Agniveer. Navy AA. Army Clerk Agniveer. Indian Navy Agniveer. And there the antagonism between them and all foreigners receives more and more nourishment both from political and religious sources. During the closing years of the tenth and the early years of the succeeding century of our era, Mahmud the first Sultan and Musalman of the Turk dynasty of kings who ruled at Ghazni , made a succession of inroads twelve or fourteen in number, into Gandhar — the present Peshawar valley — in the course of his proselytizing invasions of Hindustan.
Fire and sword, havoc and destruction, marked his course everywhere. Gandhar which was styled the Garden of the North was left at his death a weird and desolate waste. Its rich fields and fruitful gardens, together with the canal which watered them the course of which is still partially traceable in the western part of the plain , had all disappeared. Its numerous stone built cities, monasteries, and topes with their valuable and revered monuments and sculptures, were sacked, fired, razed to the ground, and utterly destroyed as habitations.
By the time Gandhara had been absorbed into the empire of Mahmud of Ghazni, Buddhist buildings were already in ruins and Gandhara art had been forgotten. He recorded some events that took place in Gandhara, and provided details about its last royal dynasty and capital Udabhandapura.
In the 19th century, British soldiers and administrators started taking an interest in the ancient history of the Indian Subcontinent. In the s coins of the post-Ashoka period were discovered, and in the same period Chinese travelogues were translated.
Chinese records provided locations and site plans for Buddhist shrines. Along with the discovery of coins, these records provided clues necessary to piece together the history of Gandhara. In Cunningham found Gandhara sculptures north of Peshawar. He also identified the site of Taxila in the s. From then on a large number of Buddhist statues were discovered in the Peshawar valley.
Archaeologist John Marshall excavated at Taxila between and He discovered separate Greek, Parthian, and Kushan cities and a large number of stupas and monasteries.
These discoveries helped to piece together much more of the chronology of the history of Gandhara and its art. Excavation of many of the sites of Gandhara Civilization are being done by researchers from Peshawar and several universities around the world. Linguistic evidence links some groups of the Dardic languages with Gandhari. This corpus of texts often includes and emphasizes ascetic practices and forest dwelling, and absorption in states of meditative concentration: [83].
But when a second attack took place on the statue, the feet, shoulders, and face were demolished. Gandharan Buddhist missionaries were active, with other monks from Central Asia, from the 2nd century CE in the Han-dynasty BC — CE at China's capital of Luoyang , and particularly distinguished themselves by their translation work. These translators included:. The site of this monastery has since been rediscovered by archaeologists.
Manuscripts and fragments that have survived from this monastery's collection include the following source texts: [96]. It declined and was destroyed after the invasion of the White Huns in the 5th century.
Siddhartha shown as a bejeweled prince before the Sidhartha renounces palace life is a common motif. Stucco , as well as stone, were widely used by sculptors in Gandhara for the decoration of monastic and cult buildings. Buddhist imagery combined with some artistic elements from the cultures of the Hellenistic world. An example is the youthful Buddha, his hair in wavy curls, similar to statutes of Apollo. Sacred artworks and architectural decorations used limestone for stucco composed by a mixture of local crushed rocks i.
The Greek god Atlas , supporting a Buddhist monument, Hadda. The Bodhisattva Maitreya 2nd century. The Buddha preaching at the Deer Park in Sarnath 2nd—3rd century. The death of the Buddha, or parinirvana 2nd—3rd century. The Bodhisattva and Chandeka, Hadda 5th century. The Buddha and Vajrapani under the guise of Herakles.
Hellenistic decorative scrolls from Hadda, Afghanistan. Confucianism Persons. Neo Confucianism. Daoism Persons. Vedic philosophy. Japanese Buddhism. Japanese Confucianism. Korean Confucianism Persons.
Indo-Scythians Indo-Parthians. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Ancient region in the Indian subcontinent. For the kingdom in Epics, see Gandhara Kingdom. For other uses, see Gandhara disambiguation. Not to be confused with Kandahar. Kabul river. Indus river. Approximate geographical region of Gandhara centered on the Peshawar Basin , in present-day northwest Pakistan. Main articles: Gandhara grave culture and Indo-Aryan migration.
See also: Achaemenid invasion of the Indus Valley. This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. February Learn how and when to remove this template message. Main article: Paropamisadae. Main article: Hindu Shahi.
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Main article: Gandhari language. See also: Greco-Buddhist art. Buddha in acanthus capital. Bodhisattva seated in meditation. Part of a series on the. Palaeolithic Soanian culture , c. Parthian Empire , c. Caliphate , c. Early modern. Durrani Empire , c. Pakistan , c. History of provinces. Category Portal. Main article: list of people from Gandhara.
A History of India. Psychology Press. ISBN Bamiyan: Challenge to World Heritage. Third Eye. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. The two regions shared cultural and political connections and trade relations and this facilitated the adoption and exchange of religious ideas. Richard Hindu Art , Harvard University Press: "The earliest figures of Shiva which show him in purely human form come from the area of ancient Gandhara" p. A History of Sanskrit Literature. Motilal Banarsidass.
Retrieved April Pakistan: A Global Studies Handbook. Old Persian p. In particular Old Persian nasals such as "n" were omitted in writing before consonants Old Persian p. Historical Geography , Encyclopaedia Iranica, 15 December Taken as Gandhavat the name is explained as meaning hsiang-hsing or "scent-action" from the word gandha which means scent , small , perfume.
At the Internet Archive. Placenames of the World. City, south central Afghanistan At Google Books. Vedic Index of Names and Subjects. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. At Google Books. Histories in Greek.
With an English translation by A. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. At the Perseus Project. Internet Archive. Retrieved 23 November John Murray. Reflections on the Tantras. Vizag Steel Management Trainee.
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